1973 Networks Need Protocols ==== The "Internet" was originally conceived as a "network of networks" -- a way to interconnect disparate networks of all types -- using packet-switch routers with store-and-forward queueing. Such a technology needed an inter-network protocol: the rules, regulations, procedures -- all the operational details (the devil is in the details). The transformational milestones in Internet history are marked by the introductions of new network protocols. The original protocol, "NCP" (Network Control Protocol), was developed by UCLA's Steve Crocker 1969-70. In 1973, NCP was replaced by the seminal "TCP" (Transmission Control Protocol, a combined layer 3-4 protocol, with layer 3 later split off as "IP" (Internet Protocol). TCP was created in 1973 by Vint Cerf (UCLA/Stanford) and Robert Kahn (ARPA). At the time in 1973, the "ARPANET" was the only wide-area, "routed packet" computer network in existence. ARPA deploys a packet satellite system, SATNET, and connects it to the ARPANET, forming the first international network. Key personnel at that time: Dr. Vint Cerf (Stanford) and Dr. Robert Kahn (became head of ARPA late in 1973, replacing Dr. Larry Roberts)